TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ..................................... 9
Preface ............................................. 11
Introduction
History of the Sumerian Language ........................ 15
Writing and Language Reconstruction ...................... 20
The Textual Material ................................... 26
Grammar Phonetics
§§ 1-2 Introduction .............................. 37
§ 3 Bibliography .............................. 38
§§ 4-15 Vowels .................................. 38
§§ 16-33 Consonants ............................... 41
§ 34 Phonemic Tones ........................... 47
The General Structure of Sumerian
§ 35 Introduction .............................. 48
§ 36 Word Classes .............................. 48
§ 37 The Categories Animate and Inanimate .......... 49
§§ 38-43 Sumerian as an Ergative Language .............. 49
§ 44 Word Order ............................... 51
The Nominal Chain
§§ 45-46 Introduction .............................. 53
§§ 47-48 Nouns ................................... 55
§§ 48-61 Compounds ............................ 55
§§ 62-64 Verbal Forms as Nouns ................... 58
§§ 65-78 Number ............................... 59
§§ 79-83 Adjectives ................................ 63
§§ 84-89 Adverbial Expressions ....................... 66
§§ 90-100 Personal Pronouns .......................... 67
§§ 101-110 The Possessive Suffixes ...................... 71
§§ 111-123 Interrogative Pronouns ..….................. 74
§§ 124-127 Interrogatives ............................. 77
§ 128 Indefinite Pronoun ......................... 78
§§ 129-132 Reflexive Pronouns ......................... 78
§§ 133-138 Demonstratives ............................ 80
§§ 139-142 Numerals ................................. 82
§§ 143-148 Conjunctions .............................. 83
§§ 149-152 Modal Adverbs ............................ 85
§§ 153-155 Interjections .............................. 86
§§ 156-220 Cases .................................... 88
§§ 156-159 Introduction ........................... 88
§ 160 Terminology ........................... 89
§§ 161-168 Genitive ............................... 90
§ 169 Absolutive ............................. 92
§§ 170-172 Cases marked with /-e/ ................... 93
§ 173 Ergative ............................... 94
§ 174 Locative-Terminative ..................... 95
§§ 175-179 Dative ................................ 97
§§ 180-187 Locative .............................. 98
§§ 188-194 Comitative ............................. 99
§§ 195-202 Terminative ........................... 101
§§ 203-213 Ablative-Instrumental ................... 103
§§ 214-220 Equative ............................. 108
The Verb
§ 221 The Verbal Forms ......................... 110
§ 222 The Verbal Stems ......................... 110
§§ 223-230 The Verbal Classes ......................... 111
§§ 231-241 The ffamtu and Maru Stem .................. 115
§§ 242-250 The Verbal Reduplication ................... 123
§ 251 Tripling and Quadrupling of Verbs ............ 127
§§ 252-259 The Verbal Morphem /ed/ ................... 128
§§ 260-271 Plural Verbs .............................. 131
§§ 272-499 The Finite Verb ........................... 137
§ 274 Construction of Finite Forms ............. 139
§§ 275-283 The Intransitive and Transitive Conjugations .. 140
§§ 284-286 Causative Constructions ................. 145
§§ 287-301 The Pronominal Elements ................ 147
§§ 290-293 The Pronominal Prefixes ......................148
§§ 294-301 The Pronominal Suffixes ......................152
§§ 302-482 The Prefix Chain and Its Elements ...............155
§ 303 The Verbal Prefixes ................................155
§ 304 Combinations of Verbal Prefixes .................... 156
§§ 305-352 The Conjugation Prefixes ............... 161
§§ 305-306 The Order of the Conjugation Prefixes ......... 161
§§ 307-315 The Conjugation Prefix/i-/ .......................... 162
§§ 316-321 The Conjugation Prefix /a-/ ..........................166
§§ 322-328 The Conjugation Prefix/-ga-/ ........................169
§§ 329-335 The Conjugation Prefix /-m-/ ........................172
§ 336 The Conjugation Prefix /mu-/ ........................175
§ 337 The Conjugation Prefix /ba-/ .........................176
§ § 338-340 The Conjugation Prefix /bi-/ ....................177
§§ 341-352 The Functions of /mu-/, /ba-/ and /bi-/ .......178
§§ 353-358 The Prefix/al-/ ...................................... 186
§§ 359-422 The Modal Prefixes ........................ 190
§§ 359-365 /nu-/: Negative ................................... 190
§§ 366-370 /bara-/: Vetitive and Negative Affirmative.... 193
§§ 371-383 /na-/: Prohibitive and Affirmative ...................194
§§ 384-393 /ga-/: Cohortative .................................199
§§ 394-403 /ha-/: Precative and Affirmative ................202
§§ 404-408 /sa-/ ............................................206
§§ 409-414 /u-/: Prospective ...........................208
§§ 415-417 /iri-/ ............................................ 211
§§ 418-422 /nus-/ ........................................... 212
§§ 423-482 The Case Elements of the Prefix Chain ... ..214
§§ 423-430 Introduction ..................................... 214
§§ 431-440 Dative .......................................... 219
§§ 441-450 Comitative ....................................... 223
§§ 451-459 Terminative ..................................... 227
§§ 460-464 Ablative-Instrumental: -ta- ...................... 230
§§ 465-469 Ablative:-ra- .....................................232
§§ 470-482 The Locative Prefix ...….....................234
§§ 483-494 The Subordination Suffix /-a/……………….. 241
§§ 484-485 Subjunctive ........................... 241
§§ 486-488 Relative .............................. 242
§§ 489-493 Subordinate Clauses ....................246
§ 494 Bibliography .......................... 250
§§ 495-499 The Imperative ........................... 251
§§ 500-527 Non-finite Forms .......................... 254
§§ 500-502 Introduction .......................... 254
§§ 503-504 The Functions of the Non-finite Forms ...... 255
§§ 505-511 Asyntactic Constructions ................ 257
§§ 512-523 Subordinate Constructions ............... 261
§§ 524-525 The Form R(m)-ed-e .................... 266
§ 526 Non-finite Forms with Enclitic Copula ...... 267
§ 527 Bibliography .......................... 268
§§ 528-534 Compound Verbs ......................... 269
§§ 535-547 The Verb me 'to Be' and the Enclitic Copula .... 273
§§ 536-537 The Finite Forms of me ................. 273
§ 538 Emesal Forms ......................... 274
§§ 541-546 The Enclitic Copula ..................... 275
§ 547 Bibliography .......................... 278
§§ 548-553 The Suffixes/-ese/and/-gisen/ ............... 279
§§ 548-550 /-ese/ ................................ 279
§§ 551-553 /-gisen/ .............................. 280
§§ 554-558 Unusual Orthography ...................... 281
§§ 559-566 Emesal .................................. 285
Catalogue of Verbs ................................... 295
Some Comments on the Transliteration ................... 324
Abbreviations and Symbols ............................. 325
Bibliography ........................................ 327
Abbreviations .................................... 327
General Bibliography ................................ 332
Textual Material: Bibliographical References ..........342
Index: Texts Cited .................................. 349
Supplementary Bibliography .......................... 364
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