dab_(2,4,5), dib₍₂₎: n., fetter.

v., to hold; to take, seize, catch; to bind, tie up; to take away; to hire; to receive (motion into open container).

dab₆, da₅: to surround; to beset, besiege.

dib₍₂₎: to traverse, cross; to infringe upon; to pass (by/along); to send over; to wander [? DIB archaic frequency: 6].

dub: n., (clay) tablet; document (motion into open container) [DUB archaic frequency: 229; concatenates 6 sign variants].

v., to store, heap up; to pour out; to move in a circle; to shake; to sprinkle off, strew (with -ta-); to dye (fabrics) (reduplication class ?).

dúb, túb: to kick, flop (said of fish, newborn animals, and slaughtered animals); to strike, hammer, knock down; to (make) tremble, quake; to rumble [DUB₂ archaic frequency: 2].

gaba: breast; chest; side (of a field or mountain) (ga, 'milk', + ba, 'to give').

gib: (cf., gilim[-b]).

gub: to stand; to set, erect, install (singular); to set down in writing; to stand by, to serve (with -da-); to do service (with -ši-); to stand aside (with -ta-) (to be long and throat-like in open container).

gúb: to purify, cleanse.

gùb: left (hand) (cf., hab and húb; the left was the hand that stank from wiping excrement) [GUB₃ archaic frequency: 15; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

hab₍₂₎: n., foul smell; resin; gall(nut) (attracting many vermin in open container).

v., to stink; to rot.

adj., malodorous.

hub, hup: depth; defeat [HUB archaic frequency: 1].

húb, húp: acrobat, athlete; a type of weaver (?); a left-handed or ambidextrous person (?) [HUB₂ archaic frequency: 2].

káb: flaxen measuring string ?.

kib: an object, that could be made of gold.

kib_x[GIG](-ba): wheat.

lib_x[Í.UDU]: mutton fat; grease (abundance collected in open container).

lub[LUL](-bi): a cut of meat.

^urudulub(-bi): an ax for use in agriculture or as a weapon.

nab: ocean; musician; Elamite word for 'god' (ní, 'fear, respect', + aba, ab, 'lake, sea') [NAB archaic frequency: 10].

nib: cheetah; leopard (ní, 'fear, respect' + íb, 'to be angry').

pab, pap, pa₄: father; brother; man; leader [PAP archaic frequency: 501; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

^(iš)rab, rap: ring; clamp; fetter, shackle; stock; pillory; snare (to slide + open container).

rib: to be higher in rank; to go away (Akk. rabbu).

sub; su-ub: to suck; to suckle; to clog; to bless; to pray (naked flesh + open container).

súb, súg, su₈: to lead out; to stand; to travel (plural marû su₈-bé, said of two or more, such as a herd; cf., also du, in, re₇).

sub_2/3: (cf., sipad).

šab (PA.IB): n., middle; stem (cf., sabad; ^dugšab) [ŠAB archaic frequency: 61; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

v., to subtract, deduct; to bite off; to snip out, chip out; to fall out, disappear; to apportion (lots); to gather up (portion + divide).

^dugšab: pot; pail; vessel.

šib, šip: exorcism.

šub: to cast, throw; to be cast; (with -da-) to drop, let fall; to fall (upon); to fell a tree; (with -ta-) to throw out, remove (šu, 'hand' + bu₅, 'to rush around').

šub₆[ŠID]: to lick.

šuba_(2/3): n., a precious stone - agate (?); a priest (cf., sipad).

v., to be bathed, clean ('licked clean' ?).

adj., pretty; shining.

tab: n., companion; pair; sting; fever.

v., to hold, clasp; to bind; to burn; to tremble, shake; to make haste; to join (with -da-); to be/make double (sometimes reduplicated) (side + open container).

adv., together (precedes the modified verb).

tub_x: (cf., tun).

zib₍₂₎: haunch; stamp, brand; distinguishing mark; color (izi, 'fire' + íb, 'thigh').

zubu, zubi: sickle (zú, 'flint; tooth', + bu[r], 'to pull, draw, cut off') [? ZUBI archaic frequency: 2; concatenates 2 sign variants].

bad, be: to open; to let out; to go away; to be at a distance; to drive away; to separate, remove (regularly followed by rá; cf., bara₄ and semantics of bar) (open container with motion away from) [BAD archaic frequency: 23].

bàd: n., (city) wall [? EZEN archaic frequency: 114; concatenation of 3 sign variants].

v., to climb, ascend.

bad₄: fortress; hardship, difficulty; inarable land.

bìd, bi₇: n., anus (open container with motion away from).

v., to defecate; to urinate.

dida: beer; beer ingredient.

didi: young, small.

gada: flax; linen (clothing) (gu, 'flax, thread', + da, 'to protect') [GADA archaic frequency: 96; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

gíd[BU]: n., length [BU: archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

v., to lengthen; to draw, pull, tow; to measure out; to manage; to reach out (to take) (to be long and throat-like with motion away from).

adj., long; distant.

gud, gu_x, gu₄: n., domestic ox, bull (regularly followed by rá; cf., gur₍₄₎) (voice/sound with repetitive processing - refers to the bellow of a bull) [GU₄ archaic frequency: 182].

v., to dance, leap (cf., gu₄-ud).

gud^ku6; gu-ud^ku6: carp ('dancing, leaping fish').

gud₍₂₎, gu_2,4: warrior.

gùd: nest.

gud₈: short (related to but opposite in meaning to gíd).

gúda, gudu₄: (cf., gudug).

háda, had₍₂₎: v., to dry; to shine brightly (hé, 'let it become', + dág, 'brilliant').

adj., dry; dried (e.g., fish); white.

húd: morning [UD archaic frequency: 419].

kad_4,5: to tie, bind together [KAD₄ archaic frequency: 13; concatenates 4 sign variants].

^gikid: reed mat [KID archaic frequency: 76; concatenates 5 sign variants].

kid_2,7: to pinch off (clay); to remove; to divorce; to dispossess; to open (ground with motion away from; cf., kìr, 'to nip off clay').

kìd, kì: to build; to make; to act (ground/floor plus motion).

kid₆, kad_6,8: to weave a mat (ground/floor plus motion).

kud, kur₅, ku₅: to cut off (with -ta-); to breach (a dike); to separate; to levy tax or tribute; to curse (regularly followed by rá; cf., gur₅, kìr, and gur₁₀) (base with motion away from).

lud: a small bowl; a pestle (abundance + motion).

mud: n., heel; handle; a right-angled tool [MUD archaic frequency: 88].

v., to give birth; to be afraid; to frighten (closed container with motion out from).

adj., dark, dim.

múd: blood (closed container with motion out from).

mud_3,4: a large vat for beer [MUD₃ archaic frequency: 27; concatenates 4 sign variants].

mud₅: exultation, jubilation.

mud₆, mú: to sing; to blow; to ignite, kindle; to make grow; to sprout, appear (reduplication class) (mu, 'word', + éd, 'to go out').

mud₈[NUNUZ-ÁB = LAK 449]: an amphora in the 30-60 liter range with two neck handles, = 50 ku-li, Presargonic Girsu.

^(iš)nàd, ná: bed, couch (ná = nú-a, 'to lie down' + nominative [from R. Englund]) [NA₂ archaic frequency: 72; concatenates 4 sign variants].

nud, nú: to lie down; to lie together with (with -da-); to lay down (with -ni-); to sleep; to kill (nu, 'not', + éd, 'to go out').

pad, pa_x: n., bite, small repast (regularly followed by rá; cf., bur and búru) (sprout + repetitive processing) [? PAD archaic frequency: 38; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

v., to break off.

pàd, pà: to show, reveal; to choose, call; to seek; to find; to declare; to swear, take an oath; to choose out of (with ablative prefix) (pà-dè in sing. marû; pà-pà-dè in plural marû) (sprout, branch + to go out; cp., pa...éd, 'to show; to make appear'; cf., ér...pàd) [PA₃ archaic frequency: 30].

^(iš)rad[ŠÌTA]: a tree, possibly a citrus tree [ŠITA₃ archaic frequency: 139; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

sed_(4,5,6), šed_7,10,11,12, še_4,5,17,18,23: n., cold water; coolness (si, 'to fill up', + éd, 'to go out').

v., to cool down; to repose; to be calmed, quieted; to pacify; to abate, subside.

sud, sù; su: v., to be/make remote, far away, lasting; to stretch; to wag (a tail); to rejoice, feel delight; to sip; to sprinkle; to strew; to furnish, provide; to immerse; to sink; to drown (reduplication class) (regularly followed by rá) (su₄, 'to grow up, multiply', + éd, 'to go out').

adj., distant, remote; long (duration).

súd: to pound, crush; to gnash (the teeth) (su₉, 'red ochre', + motion).

sud₄, su₁₃: v., to be long; to prolong, lengthen; to last; to give, present (regularly followed by rá) (narrow line + repetitive process) [BU: archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

adj., long.

šed_7,10,11,12: (cf., sed_(4,5,6)).

šid, šed: (cf., šita₅).

šid_3,4,5: (cf., šita₍₄₎).

šùde, šùdu, šùd, šu₁₂: n., prayer, blessing [ŠU₁₂ archaic frequency: 1].

v., to pray, bless (šu, 'hand', + dé, 'to hail').

tud, tu, dú: to bear, give birth to; to beget; to be born; to make, fashion, create; to be reborn, transformed, changed (to approach and meet + to go out).

túd: to spank; to cane (tu, 'to interfere', + motion).

zid, zi: n., faith, confidence; legitimacy, sanction; truth (zi, 'soul', + éd, 'to go forth').

v., to strengthen (e.g., the levees of a canal).

adj., right (hand); righteous; good; firm; faithful; true; legitimate; lawful; appropriate.

zíd, zì[ŠÈ]: flour, meal (life + motion as in grinding).

dag: n., resting-place, dwelling, chamber (motion as in traveling + throat-like chamber) [DAG archaic frequency: 4].

v., to add; to stretch (out); to roam about.

dág: brilliant; pure; clean ('to go out' + aga₍₃₎, 'diadem, circlet, crown').

dig: v., to become moist, soft, workable; to be in a weakened state (motion + throat-like chamber, vagina).

adj., moist.

dug: standard size earthen jar, pot, jug, vessel, = 30 liters (sìla), except at Presargonic Girsu = 20 liters [DUG archaic frequency: 581; concatenates 5 sign variants].

dùg, du₁₀: n., gladness; knee(s); lap; loins; member (motion + throat-like chamber, vagina).

v., to enjoy; to be/make enjoyable.

adj., sweet, good; beautiful; favorable; pleasing; fresh (water).

dug₄, du₁₁: n., speech.

v., to speak; to order, command; to sing; to speak with, converse (with -da-) (singular hamtu form, cf. also, ég); to do (as auxiliary verb preceded by a noun) (nonfinite form = di) (to make a motion in the throat).

^(iš)gag, kak: peg; nail, spike; bone; hinge, joint, knee (reduplicated to be long and neck-like; cf., gub) [KAK archaic frequency: 46; concatenates 2 sign variants].

gig, gi₁₇: n., illness; injury; wheat (cf., kib_x) (throat + i, 'cry of pain', + throat) [GIG archaic frequency: 16].

v., to be/make sick; to be painful to (with dative); to reject.

adj., painful.

gíg, íg, gi₆, ge₆, i₆, e₆, mi, mé, ku₁₀; gi₂₅n., night (sounds represent the throat chamber or the mouth as an enclosed dark chamber) [GI₆ archaic frequency: 105].

v., to be black or dark (ku₁₀: reduplication class).

adj., black, dark (cf., kúkku).

gug: monthly offering; brand; carnelian (with na₄).

^nindagúg: cake; pressed-date bread (gu₇, 'to eat, swallow, consume' + round and neck-like) [GUG₂ archaic frequency: 70; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

gug₅: hostility, war (might be reduplicated ug_5,7,8, 'to kill; to die').

kug, kù: n., silver; precious metal; money; noble (ku, 'to base, build' + aga₍₃₎, 'diadem, circlet, crown') [KU₃ archaic frequency: 181; concatenates 3 sign variants].

v., to cleanse, purify; to make cultically pure.

adj., bright, pure; white; sacred, holy.

lag, la: piece; lump, gob; clod; bulk size, collected mass (abundance + round).

lug, lu: to swarm (said of birds and fish) (lu, 'to be numerous' + gù, 'noise, sound').

mug, muk; mu: n., chisel; short, broken wool fibers, tow; sty, eyesore.

v., to hew out, hollow out; to engrave, carve; to abrade, erode (chamber + ku, 'to build').

mug₍₂₎: n., nakedness; pudenda (mu₁₀, 'female' + ig, 'door, entrance').

v., to be in heat.

nug: a perfume plant.

nig: bitch; lioness (ní, 'strength, respect, fear' + ig, 'door, entrance'; cf., nib, 'cheetah; leopard').

níg: (cf., ní).

nigu, niga₍₂₎: fattened (e.g., oxen or sheep); grain-fed (ní, 'body' or ní, 'thing', + gu₇, 'to feed, eat' + nominative a).

pag, bag[HU]: to cage, shelter (birds) (branches + round chamber).

rig; ri: to bring; to tend; to pull; to glean, pick (reduplication class) (flowing motion such as re₇, 'to accompany, lead, drive along' + ig, 'door, entrance').

rìg: mace, weapon (ri, 'to throw' + ug_5,7,8, 'to kill').

rig_5,7: n., list; temple ward, slave.

v., to deed, grant (see etymology of sa₁₂...rig₇).

rúg [SU or NAM.SU]; ru: to restore; to replace; to pay back; to receive (reduplication class) (ru, 'to give; to send' + entrance).

sag₅: (cf., zàg).

sag₉, šag₅, sig₆, sa₆, ša₆: n., good fortune; (divine) grace, favor.

v., to be/make good; to please, satisfy; to be friendly (with dative or -da-) (reduplicated in hamtu; sa₆-ge in marû).

adj., sweet, good, pleasant; beautiful; fruitful (sa₇, 'well-formed' + ge_(2,6), 'girl').

sagi [SÌLA.ŠU.DU₈]: cupbearer (loan from Akk. šaaqû).

sig; si(-ga): adj., low; late; small, narrow; weak (cf. si-ga as noun, verb, and adjective in compounds) [SIG archaic frequency: 66].

síg: (cf., siki).

sig_3,10,11,18, sag_2,3, sì, sè: n., stroke, blow.

v., to chop down (trees); to strike, hurt, damage; to beat (rhythmically, for instance a drum); to (make) totter, shake, quake; to demolish, raze; to flatten, crush; to remove, doff; to become still, settled (si, 'to stand upright' + ug_5,7,8, 'to kill'; cf., sug₅).

sig₄: sun-dried unbaked brick; brickwork; wall(s) [? SIG₄ archaic frequency: 2].

sig₅, sag₁₀: (to be) mild, sweet, good; of fine quality (narrow, fine + throat for eating).

sig_5,9; šeg₅; si: n., silence.

v., to stay silent; to silence (si, 'to be still' + throat for vocalizing).

sig₇, se₁₂(-g), sa₇(-g): v., to let live; to create; to live; to dwell; to complete; to be/make pleasant or beautiful; to garden; to pull out weeds; to tear out; to complain (in meanings 'to live', plural stem of tìl) (si, 'upright stalks' + ég, 'to water') [SIG₇ archaic frequency: 61].

adj., pale, sallow; green, yellow.

sig₉; si: to be narrow (narrow, fine [ + neck-like]).

sig₁₀, sì, sè: to apply, place, set, put in; to engrave; to make flat, even; to subject, subdue; to sweep along; to do, cause; to surround; to compare; to match (cf., sum, sig₃) (combination of meanings such as: su_x, 'to spread', sig₃, 'to knock down', and sá, 'to compare').

sig₁₇ (GI): the color of the low or setting sun = reddish yellow or gold (cf., sig).

sigga, sig₁₄, šeg_8,9: wild mountain boar ? (cf., šah, šenbar) [ŠEG₉ archaic frequency: 10].

sug: swamp; flood basin; lake; fertile land (to fill, inundate + ég, 'levee, dike') [SUG archaic frequency: 15].

súg, su₈: to stand (plural marû) (cf., gub, súb) (su, 'body' + 'long and neck-like').

sug₄, sù; su: v., to strip naked, lay bare; to empty (su, 'body' + ig, 'entrance'; cp, mug₍₂₎,'nakedness').

adj., empty, destitute.

sug₅[GÍN]: to bring low; to knock down (also read dùn, du₅ with this meaning) (cf., tùn) (si, 'to stand upright' + ug_5,7,8, 'to kill'; cf., sig_3,10,11,18, sag_2,3, sì, sè) [SUG₅ archaic frequency: 67].

sug₆, su: to replace, restore, return (a loan, etc.) (reduplication class) (cf., rúg) (to fill up + entrance, chamber).

sug₈, sul₄, sur₁₂, su₇: threshing floor; grain pile; a small animal (cf., su-a, 'cat').

šag₄, šà: n., intestines; gut; heart; stomach; abdomen; entrails; content; womb; body; interior, midst, inside; bed of a river; will, volition; mood; meaning, significance (grain/excrement + water/urine + chamber) [ŠA₃ archaic frequency: 137; concatenates 6 sign variants].

prep., in; at.

šag₅: to slaughter (ša₅, 'to cut, break' + ug_5,7,8, 'to kill').

šag₅: (cf., sag₉).

šeg₄: frost; cold shudder, chills.

šeg_8/9: snow; ice (cf., sigga).

šug: (cf., šuku).

tag: (cf., taka).

tag₄: (cf., taka₄).

tigi [BALA.NAR]; tígi [NAR.BALA]: harp (ti, 'life', + gi₄, 'to restore').

túg, tu₉: cloth; cloth garment (side + to encircle) [TUG₂ archaic frequency: 311; concatenates 3 sign variants].

^lúTÚG: fuller.

tug₄: (cf., tuku₄).

zag, zà: boundary, border, limit, side; cusp, beginning; territory, district, place; sanctuary; percentage; a measure for fish; shoulder; right (side); front; outside of (life + to encircle) [ZAG archaic frequency: 71; concatenates 3 sign variants].

zàg, sag₅, zà, sa₅[ŠID]: to choose; chosen.

zìg, zi: n., wall, partition (úz, 'side, edge', + ig, 'door').

v., to stand up, rise ; to rise up from (with -ta- or -ra-); to rouse; to go out or make go out; to tear out, uproot, weed; to take out, extract; to spend or credit; to approach; to recruit (zi-zi in marû).

adj., high.

zug₄[KA×LI]: (cf., ú-zug₄).

gi₄: (cf., gín).

hu, hun(-): to hire or rent (someone or something); to introduce (to a job); to rest, repose; to abate (many + to mete out to).

kí, kin: n., message, order; task, work (to build + to mete out to) [KIN archaic frequency: 9].

v., to seek, fetch (with locative-terminative -ni-); to send; to order (reduplication class).

lua[PA.Á], lú[PA], lu₉: fault, error; bad; abusive remark; impudence.

na, na₈: n., drink.

v., to drink; to water, irrigate; to drink out of (with -ta-) (na₈-na₈ in marû) (ní, 'body, self', + a, 'water', + á, 'to mete out to').

naa: soda, alkali, potash (used as soap); an alkaline plant; soapwort (na, 'to drink', + a, 'water') [NAGA archaic frequency: 125; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

^(iš)naa_3,4, na_X[GAZ, KUM]: to crush; (with nominative -a) pestle.

ní, nì: property, treasure, valuables, assets; thing; a matter; something; used as a prefix to form concrete nouns (self + to mete out to) [GAR archaic frequency: 409].

sa, sa₁₂: head; point; leader; present, gift; slave; human, individual (sá, 'to equal'; sa₄, 'to name', + e₂₆, á, myself) [SAG archaic frequency: 420].

adj., first, first-class, prime.

prep., in front.

sa_2/3: to scatter; scattered (to multiply; to spread + to mete out).

sa₅: (cf., zàg).

saa₁₁, sa₁₁, si₁₈[KIN]: to cut, break, harvest.

šaa, še₂₉, heš₅[LÚ×KÁR, LÚ-KÁR]: captive (tied up with a rope éše; cf., lú-éše).

še_3,7, še₇: rain; to rain (šu, 'to pour' + to mete out).

še₆, še₆: to heat, cook, bake, boil; to be hot; to dry a field (redup. class) (ša, 'to dry up' + to mete out).

zà: (cf., zàg).

dah, tah: n., substitute, replacement [DAH archaic frequency: 21].

v., to add; to multiply; to repeat; to say further; to help (motion into numerousness).

dih₍₂₎: to sting; sting, barb, point; sickness, fever; torpidity (?) (cf., ti) (motion + cry of pain + insect).

duh, du₈: n., residue, by-product; bran (motion + plant, grass + numerous times) [DU₈ archaic frequency: 29; concatenates 3 sign variants].

v., to crack, loosen, open; to untie; to adorn, clothe (reduplicated); to spread; to caulk a boat (with pitch); to gouge (eyes); to bake bread/bricks; to prepare the threshing floor; to remit (a debt).

adj., free.

lah, àh[UD]; uh: to dry up; to dry out; to sparkle, shine (cf., luh, làh).

adj., dry.

lah_4,5: to bring (plural); to drive off; to plunder, capture, take away; to fling (away) (plural form, cf., de₆, tumu_2,3) (íla, 'to bring', + há, 'numerous').

luh, làh: to be clean, fresh; to clean; to wash; to sweep (la, 'youthful freshness', + he, 'to mix').

mah: v., to be or make large (ama, 'mother of', + numerous) [MAH archaic frequency: 6; concatenates 2 sign variants].

adj., high, exalted, great, lofty, foremost, sublime.

máh[AL]: an adjective for cows (as opposed to iš for bulls).

pah[LUL]: leg.

suh_(2,3,5): n., confusion, disorder; encircling wall (cf., ^(iš)ù-suh₅) (ussu, 'eight', + numerous, cf. the ancillary meanings of imin, 'seven' - as more than seven, eight is confusing) [SUH₃ archaic frequency: 4].

v., to uproot, displace; to relocate, transfer; to become confused.

adj., carefully chosen.

suh₄: reed matting (fine, narrow + plant + numerous).

šah₍₂₎: domestic pig (grain + water + numerous (offspring) - pigs efficiently turn feed into food) [ŠAH₂ archaic frequency: 39; concatenation of 3 sign variants].

zah: to be calm, tranquil; a mark or impression, esp. on the liver.

zah_2,3: n., secrecy.

v., to flee; to hide; to abandon; to be lost; to perish (describes workers/slaves who have fled state control) (derives from zag, 'boundary, border, district', just as húb relates to gùb).

zeh[SAL.ÁŠ.GÀR]: female goat-kid (ùz, 'goat', + numerous, abundant).

zuh[ZÚ]: to steal, rob (zú, 'teeth' + numerous).

kak: (cf., gag).

siki, síg: hair (of head, beard, body); wool; fur, hide (si, 'long, thin things', + ku₁₀, 'black' ? or kul, 'thick, heavy' ?) [SIG₂ archaic frequency: 224; concatenates 12 sign variants].

suku₅: (cf., súkud).

šika: potsherd; shell; rind (hand, portion + mouth).

šuku, šug: allotted food portion, ration, provision; allotted field plot (regularly followed by rá) (šu, 'portion', + kud, 'to separate').

taka, taga, tak, tag, tà: to touch, handle, hold; to weave; to decorate, adorn; to strike, hit, push; to start a fire; to fish, hunt, catch (can be reduplicated) (te, 'to approach' + aka, 'to do, place, make') [TAG archaic frequency: 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants].

taka₄, tak₄, tag₄, ta₆: to abandon; to disregard, neglect; to divorce; to leave with a person, entrust; to open, leave open (reduplication class - ta₆-ta₆ in marû) (ta, 'to, from', + ge₄, 'turn from, restore') [TAK₄ archaic frequency: 128; concatenates 2 sign variants].

tuku, tuk, dúk, tug, du₁₂ , tu₁₂ : n., creditor [KAB/TUKU archaic frequency: 105].

v., to have, own; to marry; to acquire; to receive, get (in marû reduplicated form); to have a claim against somebody (with -da-); to sing, to play music (da, 'with', + ku, 'to build; to lie down').

tuku₄, tuk₄, tug₄: to tremble; to be angry (probably reduplication class) (tu₁₅, 'wind', + ku₄, 'to enter').

bal; ba.al: n., hostility; enemies (cf., bala).

v., to dig up; to dig out (a ditch); to quarry; to tear down, demolish (ba, 'conjugation prefix' or 'turtle shell', + al, 'digging stick, hoe, spade').

bala('), bal: n., spindle; bar; turn; term of office; rotating fund; annual contribution to the state [BALA archaic frequency: 19; concatenates 2 sign variants].

v., to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back (bala-e in marû) (ba, 'share', + íla, 'to carry, deliver, bring, support').

bil: to burn; to roast; to heat (soup) (container + to lift, be high).

bìl: sprout, shoot ('it rises').

bul₍₄₎; bu₍₅₎: to blow; to ignite, kindle; to sprout (onomatopoeic).

dal: n., foot-race.

v., to fly (towards something, with -ši-; out of, with -ta- or -ra-); to remove; to be far away; to chase (da,'to hold, be near', + ul,'remote, distant' and ul₄,'to hasten').

dalla: n., beam, ray (cf., dálla, 'needle' when made with a bright metal).

v., to be or make bright; to shine.

adj., conspicuous; excellent.

dálla, dála: needle (da, 'to hold', + lá, 'to pierce').

dél: (cf., dílim).

dellu: mast.

dili, dil: one; single; only; alone; unique.

dul_(3,4,5); dal: n., protection.

v., to cover; to clothe; to protect; to hide (the object covered often takes the locative case) (verb can be reduplicated as in du₆-ul-du₆-ul-e) (to protect + ornament).

dul₍₆₎, du₆: mound, heap; sanctuary; ruins, 'tell'; cleft, cave (redup. in plural) (cf. compound sign verb, du₆-ul) (dù, 'to build, erect', + ul, 'ancient, enduring') [DU₆ archaic frequency: 37; concatenates 3 sign variants].

gal, al: n., a large cup; chief; eldest son.

adj., big, large; mighty; great (chamber + abundant, numerous) [GAL archaic frequency: 1004; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

gala[ÌŠ.DÚR]: cantor, ritual singer, lamentation priest; transvestite (throat + la, 'youthful freshness and beauty').

gal₄(-la), gála: vagina, vulva, female genitalia (throat-like chamber + lá, 'to penetrate, pierce').

gala_3,4,5: (cf., kala_3,4,5).

galla, gulla_x: police chief (?); a demon (cf., gal₅-lá).

gil: (cf., gilim).

gul: v., to destroy, demolish (as preparation for rebuilding); to be destroyed; to obstruct; to extinguish; to cease; to fall upon (with -ši-); to wreck to pieces, to destroy utterly (with -ta-) (reduplication class) (gu₇, 'to consume' + ul, 'ancient, enduring') [GUL archaic frequency: 24].

adj., evil; enormous.

gùl, gal₅: to overwhelm.

ala₇, ál; á: to be (somewhere); to be available; to place, put (with -ni- or bi-); to place into (with -ši-); to be with someone (with -da-); to have on one's person (with -da-); to be possible (with -da-); to take an oath; to dwell (á, 'storage basket' + íla, 'to be high').

èle: (cf., míli).

hal: n., crotch, upper thigh;secret; divination expert; portion, share (cf., ha-la and pap-hal(-la)) (loans from Akkadian hallu I and pahallu; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1928, *pahal- "leg, thigh" and #1929, *pahal- "break through, split") [HAL archaic frequency: 53].

v., to stream, run; to divide; to deal out, distribute (hal-ha in marû).

hul₍₃₎: n., evil (vermin + abundant, numerous) [HUL archaic frequency: 1].

v., to destroy; to ruin; to harm.

adj., bad, evil; hated; hostile, malicious.

húl: n., joy (hé, 'let there be' + ul, 'joy, pleasure').

v., to be happy; to rejoice over (usually with -da-, but also -ši-).

adj., joyous.

kal-(l): v., to esteem, value; to be rare; to make dear, endear; to be appreciated (cf., kalag) (ka, 'mouth' + la, 'youthful beauty, abundance') [KAL archaic frequency: 60; concatenates 3 sign variants].

adj., excellent; precious, valuable (cf., kalag).

kala_3,4,5, gala_3,4,5: store-pit; cellar (cf., ki-lal/lá, 'cellar granary, silo' with vowel harmony).

kul: heavy; thick; sexually mature; to bring together, unite (base + abundant, numerous).

lal, lá: v., to be high; to hold; to lift; to carry; to hang (from) (with -ta-); to weigh; to pay; to deduce; to strap, harness (with -ši-); to dress oneself; to place, set; to bind (a reed pillar); to stretch, extend, reach; to load; to lessen, be few, diminish; to accuse, denounce; to fall back, retreat (cf. also, lá) (reduplicated íla, 'to carry, support') [LA₂ archaic frequency: 57].

adj., light, deficient; minus (cf. also, lá).

^(ú)lál: n., noose, lasso.

v., to hang, suspend; to bind; to silence [LAL₂ archaic frequency: 27; concatenates 2 sign variants].

làl: honey; date-syrup (reduplicated la, 'luxury, bliss') [LAL₃ archaic frequency: 14; concatenates 3 sign variants].

la(l)'u_{(2,3,4,5,6,7)}: debt, owed amount (cf., lá-ìa[NI], 'arrears').

lalla: shortage, deficiency (reduplicated lal/lá, 'light, deficient').

lil: fool, moron (lallation word = unintelligible baby talk; or lal/lá, 'deficiency', + íla, 'to carry').

líl: n., wind; breath; infection; spirit (of a place); back or open country (reduplicated li, 'cedar scent' ?) [? KID archaic frequency: 76; concatenates 5 sign variants].

v., to infect.

lul, lu₅: n., liar; lie; malicious act.

v., to lie, deceive (reduplicated lù, 'to trouble, disturb').

adj., false; treacherous; malicious.

mèl: 'scorching' = heartburn (?).

méli, míli, mél, èle, ìli[KA×LI]; mèl: throat, pharynx; voice (me,'to say, tell' + ?; cf., mu₇[KA×LI]; cf., Semitic root which manifests in Akkadian as qâlu, 'be silent', but which means 'voice' in Hebrew, Syriac, and Ge'ez [P.R. Bennett, Comparative Semitic Linguistics, p. 50).

milla[IŠ]: (cf., zíd-milla).

mul: n., star; constellation; planet; meteor (i₆/mi, 'night', + ul, 'star, ornament') [MUL archaic frequency: 6].

v., to (let) sparkle, shine, glow.

mùl: a destructive insect; caterpillar (mù,'to mill, grind', + ul, 'flower, bud').

pala_(2,3): vestments, clothing (of gods and rulers) (cf., pa-pah, 'inner sanctum', and lal/lá, 'to drape' as in túg-ní-lal).

pil₍₂₎: to be/make obscure; to be/make dirty, defiled, disgraced (could refer to soot from bil,'to burn').

sal, šal: n., uterus; vulva (narrow + numerous) [SAL archaic frequency: 435].

v., to be narrow, thin, wide, spacious; to spread; to persist; to belittle.

sil: to praise; to recline (in preparation for the love-making implied by sil_5,6).

sil_5,6: pleasure, joy, bliss (si,'to stand up like a horn', and si,'to fill', + ul, 'joy, pleasure').

sila, sil; síl, zil; si-il: to cut into; to divide (si, 'long and narrow', + lá, 'to penetrate, pierce').

sila₍₃₎: street; path; trail; road; market place (si, 'anything long and narrow', + lá, 'to extend, reach').

sìla, sìl, šál: measure of capacity, liter = 0.842 modern liters in the Neo-Sumerian period; measuring pot (si₁₄, 'a small pot', + lá, 'to weigh'; but cp. also, sal, 'uterus') [SILA₃ archaic frequency: 57; concatenates 3 sign variants].

sila₄: (male) lamb; bait (cf., kir₁₁) (síg, 'hair, wool', + la, 'abundance') [SILA₄ archaic frequency: 73; concatenates 4 sign variants].

sùl: (cf., sun₄).

sul₄: (cf., sug₈).

šal: (cf., sal).

šál: (cf., sìla).

šul, sul: n., young man; warrior; invader; a bad disease involving skin eruptions (probably Akkadian loanword from šalaalu, 'to plunder; to deprive').

v., to hurry, hasten, speed up (cf., ul₄); to rub into the skin (duplication class).

adj., strong, heroic, proud, splendid.

tal: large jug (sides + abundant).

tál[PI]: n., breadth; understanding (sides; character + abundant).

v., to be/make wide, broad; to spread, unfold (said about wings, arms).

til: to be ripe, complete; to pluck; to put an end to, finish; to cease, perish (iti, 'moon', + íl, 'to be high; to shine' ?) [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency: 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

tìla, tìl, ti: n., life (tu, 'to be born', + íla, 'to lift, carry').

v., to live; to keep alive; to survive (with -da-); to dwell; to be halted (singular stem; cf. sig₇).

til_4,5,6, tal_3,4,5: cry, shout, scream (te; ti, 'to be frightened', + ?).

tílla: market place; crossroads (tìl,'to keep alive' + nominative) [TILLA₂ archaic frequency: 5].

túl: public fountain, well, cistern; lowland (tu_5,17, 'bath', + to lift, be high, deep; cf., pú-lá, deep well).

zal[NI]: n., supply.

v., to be full or abundant; to flow; to continue; to pass, elapse (said about time); to spend the day; to tarry, wait (often with -ni-; with -ta- in a temporal sense) (cf., zalag) (za,'monotonous repetition' + numerous).

zil; zi; zé: to undress; to peel off; to pare, cut; to shell; to flay (cf., sila) (zé, 'to shear, pluck', + ul, 'joy, pleasure').

zíl: to make beautiful, pleasing; to be loving, gentle, affectionate; to caress (usually reduplicated) (cf., zil).

dam: spouse (husband or wife) (da, 'side; nearness; to hold, protect', + àm, 'to be; who') [DAM archaic frequency: 10].

^(iš)dam: the (curved) beam that connects the bottom of the plow to the pole.

dim: n., bond, tie; rope (dam, 'spouse', modified by i, 'to sprout', that indicates long and narrow as in si) [DIM archaic frequency: 52; concatenates 3 sign variants].

v., to make fast.

dím[GIM]: to make, fashion, create, build (dù, 'to build, make', + im, 'clay, mud').

^(iš)dím: post (cf., dim).

dìm: n., sickness demon; pole of a water lift.

adj., weak (di₄, 'small', + àm, 'to be' ?).

dim₄: n., begging; tendril, clinging vine (cf., dim).

v., to approach; to bow; to beg.

adj., subservient (di₄, 'small', + àm, 'to be' ?).

dima, dimmu: news, information; intention, decision (loan from Akk. t.eemum).

dumu: child; son; daughter (dú,'to bear, give birth', + mú,'to sprout, grow'; probably pronounced domu).

gam: n., decline, incline; death; depth (cf., gúr).

v., to bend, curve; to bow down, kneel (for someone: dative; direction: terminative); to shrivel; to succumb (like a circle + to be).

gàm: n., sickle; handle (like a circle + to be).

v., to shine, glitter (like a crown, aga₍₃₎, + to be).

géme, éme(?): woman; workwoman; maid; slave-girl (eš, 'tool', + mí, 'woman').

gim, kim, gin₇: prep., equative suffix; as, like; instead of; just as, during (cf., dím) (syllabic spellings indicate both gim and gin₇; cf., Akk. kiima with same meanings).

gim₄, ím: n., runner(cf., kaš₄).

v., to trot, run (mainly said of animals) (gi₄, 'to come back' + im, 'wind').

gim₇: (cf., kìm).

gum: (cf., kum).

gúm, gun₅: to influence; to neglect, ignore (ga, 'milk' + um, 'old woman').

hum: to wrestle; to be passionate; to bruise, punch; to smash, break; to thresh grain; to paralyze (many + u_(3,4,8), 'fight, dispute' + me_3,6,7,9, 'battle'; cf., húb, húp, 'acrobat, athlete').

kam₍₂₎: n., grasp, grip.

v., to desire (cf., ki...á, 'to love').

kàm: n., tablet; disk (of metal or wood) (ka, 'mouth' + imi, 'clay').

v., to change; to overturn; to banish, drive out (these verbs make me wonder if this became the Sumerian word for a changeable wax-coated writing tablet).

kìm[BU], gim₇: willow tree.

kum, gum: n., mortar (for grinding) [GUM archaic frequency: 47; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

v., to crush, bruise (cf., hum; alternation between h and k/g like the alternation between hab, húb and gùb).

kúm: n., heat; summer; fever (kù, 'bright' + to be).

v., to heat.

adj., hot.

kum₄ [UD]: an adjective describing flour [that would be ground in a mortar, kum] and bread.

lam: n., abundance, luxuriance; almond tree; netherworld [LAM archaic frequency: 47; concatenates 3 sign variants].

v., to grow luxuriantly; to make grow luxuriantly (la, 'abundance' + to be).

láma, lám: an awe-inspiring quality (la, 'abundance' + me, 'function, power').

^dlamma, làma: a female spirit of good fortune; tutelary genius (lam, 'to make grow luxuriantly', + a, nominative suffix).

lima, limi, lim: thousand (four hundred greater than éš×u, 'six hundred').

limmu_(2,4,5), lím: four (cp., lam).

lum: n., fertilizer, manure; cloud [LUM archaic frequency: 23].

v., to be satiated, full; to soften, soak; to grow luxuriantly; to be fertile, productive; to make productive; to bear fruit (abundance + 'grass, plant' + 'to be, behave').

lùm[DUG]: a small drinking pot.

nam: (area of) responsibility; destiny, fate, lot, sign; office; governor; province; manner, way; used mainly as a prefix to form abstract or collective nouns, such as nam-lugal, 'kingship' or nam-mah, 'greatness' (n, 'precise essence', + àm, enclitic copula, 'to be') [NAM archaic frequency: 30; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

nám[TÚG]: planning ability; destiny; prince, noble (time; high + to be) [NAM₂ archaic frequency: 375].

nim, num: n., prince; flying insect; highland; east; morning (high + to be) [NIM archaic frequency: 109; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

v., to be high; to multiply in arithmetic.

adj., high; early.

adv., above.

rim₄: (cf., kaš₄).

sám, šám, sa₁₀: n., equivalent; (barter) purchase; sale price; merchandise (Akk. loanword from šâmu(m), 'to buy, purchase', cf., Orel & Stolbova #2281 *su'um- 'sell, buy') [ŠAM₂ archaic frequency: 51].

v., to buy (with -ši-); to sell (with -ra-, ablative) (sa₁₀-sa₁₀ in marû).

sim, sín[NAM]: to strain, filter; to sift (flour); to see through (fine, narrow + to be).

sim, sín^mušen: swallow (Akkadian sinuntu).

sum, šúm, sím, sì: to give, lend (with dative) (sum-mu in marû) (cf., sám) [SUM archaic frequency: 43; concatenates 2 sign variants].

sum₄: (cf., sun₄).

šim, šem; ším[NAM], sim: n., herb; aromatic wood; resin; spice; fragrance, perfume (see comments on šúm; sam is 'spice' in Hebrew; cf., ir-si-im) [ŠIM archaic frequency: 50; concatenates 2 sign variants].

adj., fragrant.

šem_3,5^(zabar): tambourine (halhallatu drum in Akkadian) (many + me, 'functions').

šum: n., saw; sickle with serrated edge (ša₅, 'to cut, break' + eme, 'tongue, utensil' ?; cf., šag₅, 'to slaughter') [? TAG archaic frequency: 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants].

v., to slaughter, butcher.

šúm, sum: garlic; onion (Akkadian loanword from šuumu, 'garlic', related to šammu, 'plant, drug, medicine', Orel & Stolbova 2185, sam-, 'poison').

šum₄: (cf., suin).

tam, ta₍₅₎, tú: polished; shiny; reflective; pure; reliable (tu_5,17, 'to wash, bathe', + àm, 'to be').

tum: work, action; crossbeam; arrow quiver [TUM archaic frequency: 48; concatenates 4 sign variants].

tuma: to break wind, emit flatus (tu₁₅, 'wind', + ma₄, 'to leave, depart, go out').

tumu, tum₉, tu₁₅: wind; cardinal point, direction (ta, 'from', + mú, 'to blow').

tumu_2,3, tum_2,3, tu_2,3: to bring; to carry away; to obtain; to be suitable, fit; to prepare (marû singular; cf., de₆, lah₄) (in marû plural, tùm-tùm[-mu] or túm-túm-mu) (ta, 'from', + ú, 'food', + ma₄, 'to leave').

tumu₄, tum₄[NIM]: to carry (ta, 'from', + ú, 'food', + ma₄, 'to leave').

tum₁₂^mušen, tu^mušen: bird of the pigeon and dove family (cf., tum_2,3, 'to bring, carry', and the term "carrier pigeon" for a homing pigeon).

zum: to leak, seep, overflow (repetitive motion + closed container; cf., zal, 'to flow', and zar, zur₄, 'to spout, flow').

ban: (cf., pana).

bán: vessel; a measure of capacity or volume = 10 liters (sìla) in the Ur III period; = 6 liters at Presargonic Girsu (cf., banda_2,4,5) (ba, 'portion, rations', + na, 'human being').

bàn: (cf., bànda).

bun₍₂₎, bu₍₇₎: n., lamp, light; blister; bag-type of bellows; rebellion (hollow container + nu₁₁, 'lamp' ?).

v., to be swollen; to blow; to shine brightly (cf., bul, 'to blow; to ignite').

din: (cf., tin).

dun: n., ward, pupil, subordinate.

dun, du₂₄; tun, tu₁₀; tu₁₁: v., to heap, pile up; to scrape, dig (a field, furrow, hole); to strike, smite; to open (to move + to raise high; cf., dul₍₆₎).

dùn: (cf., sug₅).

dun₍₄₎: n., warp (threads on the frame of a weaving loom).

v., to lay a warp (onto a weaving loom) (to move + to raise high).

dun₅, du₉[BÚR]: v., to churn butter; to sway, stagger; to complain (redup. class) (see instead sun₅ if the sign is used as an adjective) (to move + to raise high).

gana, gan, kan: n., stand, rack, support; pestle, grinding stone (circular + to raise high) [GAN archaic frequency: 125; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

v., to bring forth, bear.

gána, gán: tract of land, field parcel; (flat) surface, plane; measure of surface; shape, outline; cultivation (cf., iku) (cf., Orel & Stolbova #890, *gan- "field") [GAN₂ archaic frequency: 209].

genna, gena, ginna, gina[TUR+DIŠ]: constant; regular; small; the planet Saturn (possible loan from Akk. kajjamaanu, kajjaanu, and kaanu 'constant'; cf., gi(n), ge(n) and in, en).

gín, gi₄: small ax(-head) used as money; shekel (of silver) = ca. 8.333 grams; a surface area measure, 1/60 square nindan (sar) = 180 surface še = 2160 (=36,0) square fingers; a volume measure, = 0.3 cubic meters (Akk. kiinu 'true measure', cf., Orel & Stolbova #1459, *kin- "count") [TUN₃ archaic frequency: 96; concatenates 3 sign variants].

gìn: lapis lazuli (igi, 'eye', + na₄, 'pebble, stone', but cf., gùnu, 'decorated with colors, lines, spots').

gin₇: (this is sometimes the preferred form, but cf., gim).

gun[GÚ-UN]; gún, gú: back of a man's neck = load, burden = a talent in weight = 30 +/- 2 kg.; tribute (gú, 'neck; nape' + ùa, un, 'people'; cf., gú).

gún, gú: land, region, district (gú, 'edge' + ùa, un, 'people, population').

gùnu, gùn: n., dot, spot (circle + discrete point; cf., ugun) [GUN₃ archaic frequency: 23; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

v., to decorate with colors, lines, spots; to sparkle; to put on antimony paste makeup.

adj., dappled; striped; speckled, spotted; spangled; variegated, multicolored; embellished, decorated; brilliant.

gun₅: (cf., gúm).

in, en: n., steadiness, reliability, constancy (to be + at a distinct point).

v., to go; to send; to come (with dative or -ši-) (sing. hamtu, cf., du, re₇, súb) (Akk. gana 'come!', cf., Orel & Stolbova #892, *gan-/*gin- "go").

adj., ordinary; firm, solid.

hun: (cf., hu).

kana_3,5, kan_3,5: n., apprehension, worry; affliction, trouble (ka, 'mouth' + ní; ne₄, 'fear').

v., to be troubled.

^uruduKIN: (cf., gur_10,14; ur₄).

kin: (cf., kí).

^na4kín[HAR]: hand mill (saddle quern for grinding); millstone (base/ground + stone) [KIN₂ archaic frequency: 11; concatenates 4 sign variants].

kun: tail; reservoir, storage basin, outlet (of a canal); grasp (base/seat + high) [KUN archaic frequency: 2].

^(iš)kun_4,5: ladder; stairs, staircase; threshold, slab, doorsill (base/ground + high).

mana, mìna, man, mìn, men₅: partner; companion; equal; two (cf., mina, 'two').

men₍₄₎: crown, tiara (metaphor of divine en-ship) (me, 'function, office' + en, 'lord') [MEN archaic frequency: 48; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

mén: both; alike (cf., mana).

men_2,3: I, myself (cf., me-en).

min_(3,5,6): (cf., mina and mana).

mina, min_(5,6): two; second (mí, 'woman', + na, 'distinct things', because a woman has two breasts).

munu₍₃₎, mun: salt [MUN archaic frequency: 24 ?; concatenates 5 ? sign variants; MUNU₃ archaic frequency: 15].

múnu: a caustic salt (mú, 'to make grow', + nu₁₁, 'fire'; saltpeter is the oxygenating ingredient in gunpowder).

munu_4,6: malt - soaked and germinated grain for use in brewing (mù, 'to mill', + nud, 'to lie down, sleep').

munu_x, mun₄ [ŠEŠ]: alkaline, brackish.

nin: queen, mistress, proprietress, lady; lord (reduplicated ní, 'fear; respect; frightfulness; awe') [NIN archaic frequency: 75].

nin₉: sister (reduplicated ní, 'self; body; one's own').

^mušennínna: nocturnal bird - owl (nin, 'fearsome lady', + a, nominative suffix; the predatory owl with its human-like face probably gave rise to the demon Lilith myth; cf., ^dnin-nínna^mušen).

ninnu, ninu: fifty (nimin/nin₅, 'forty', + hà/u, 'ten',).

ninni₅: a rush used in basketry; bulrush (reduplicated nin or nin₉, where reeds and rushes were seen as belonging to a young woman goddess similar to the grain goddess Nisaba).

nun: n., prince, noble, master (ní, 'fear; respect',+ un, 'people' ?) [NUN archaic frequency: 652; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

v., to rise up (n, 'to be high',+ u₅, 'to mount; be on top of; raised high').

adj., great, noble, fine, deep.

pana, pan, ban: bow (pa, 'branch', + na₄, 'pebble, stone') [BAN archaic frequency: 27; concatenates 2 ? sign variants].

rín[ERIM]: to be/make bright (reduplication class); to attach, join, hitch (cf., érin, rín) (ara₄; ar; rà, 'bright', + to be high).

sín: (cf., sim).

sun: (cf., suin).

sún: aurochs cow, wild cow; beerwort (su, 'to fill, be sufficient',+ un, 'people').

sun₄, sum₄, sùl, su₆: chin; lower lip; beard (cf., si, 'long, thin things', and tùn, 'lip') [SU₆ archaic frequency: 1; BU₃ archaic frequency: 21].

sun₅[BÚR], su₁₆: n., modesty.

v., to enter (plural ?; cf., kur₉).

adj., humble; with bowed head; dominated (su₉, 'to mourn, grieve' + ní, 'fear; respect').

sun₇[KAL]: quarrel, discord.

šen[SU×A]: n., a copper pan, pail, vessel; mirror (?) (liquid + stone) [ŠEN archaic frequency: 66; concatenates 4 sign variants].

adj., clear, pure; polished, shiny.

šén: verdigris.

šún[MUL]: n., star.

v., to shine brightly.

tán[MEN]: to become clean, clear, light, free (ta, 'nature, character' + an, 'sky, heaven').

ten; te-en: n., cold, coolness (te, 'to approach, near' + en, 'time' referring to shorter days ?).

v., to trample, extinguish; to soften, allay; to cool (te-en-te in marû).

tin: n., life; wine [TIN archaic frequency: 93].

v., to cure; to be healthy; to live.

tun₍₃₎, tu₁₀: to constrict; to defeat; to massacre; to break up, smash (cf., dun).

tùn[GÍN]: n., pocket, pouch, case; wrap, bandage; stomach; lip (te, 'cheeks' + nu, 'likeness') [SUG₅ archaic frequency: 67].

adj., intact, bound.

pap: (cf., pab; pa₄).

rap: (cf., ^(iš)rab).

sipa: (cf., sipad).

bar: n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [BAR archaic frequency: 306].

v., to open; to uncover, expose; to see; to remove; to be absent; to release; to peel, pare, shell; to select; to divide; to split; to distribute; to keep away (with -ta-) (container plus to expel, remove as in ri).

adj., foreign.

prep., because of.

bár: (cf., barag).

bar_6,7: v., to shine, be bright; to break (of the day) (cf., bar, 'to expose', which refers here to the sun; and cf., ara₄, 'to shine; to blaze').

adj., white.

bára: (cf., barag).

bàra, pàra, bàr, pàr[DAG]; para₄, par₄[KISAL]: to stretch or spread out; to pass over; to be stretched or spread out (cf., bárag) (interchanges with búru) (ba, 'to apportion, divide', + ra(-g/h), 'to overflow'; cf. compound word, ba-ra(-g)) [BARA₃ archaic frequency: 13].

bara₄[BAD]: to spread out, open wide; released; separated.

bara_5,6: (cf., barag).

bir: to scatter, mix; to wreck; to murder (ba, 'to divide', + ir₁₀, re₇, 'to stir, mix') [BIR archaic frequency: 9; concatenation of 3 sign variants].

bir_(2,4): n., mistiness (of the eyes) (ba, 'inanimate conjugation prefix', + ér, ír, 'to weep' and ur₅, 'to smell', with possibly a hidden meaning of 'to dry' for Vr or ara₄ as also seen in dúr).

v., to sniff, wrinkle one's nose; to dry up, shrivel up.

adj., flaccid, shriveled up (said of a penis).

bìr[ERIM]: team (of donkeys/animals) (ba, 'inanimate conjugation prefix', + ir₁₀, 'to accompany, lead; to bear; to go; to drive along or away', the plural hamtu for 'to go', cf., re₇) [?? BIR₃ archaic frequency: 23; concatenation of 3 sign variants; ZATU-143 ERIM archaic frequency: 175; concatenation of 3 sign variants].

bir_4,5: locust; sparrow (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers).

bir_6,7: to rip to pieces; to break (cf., bir for similar semantics).

bir₉[NE]: to blaze, flame up (cf., bar_6,7 for similar semantics).

bur: meal, repast; stone bowl, pot (cf., búru) (ba, 'portion, rations, open container', + úr, 'lap, thighs, legs') [BUR archaic frequency: 51; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

búru, bur₍₂₎: n., burin; thread [BUR₂ archaic frequency: 45].

v., to open, release, loosen; to spread out (a garment); to dissolve; to interpret (a dream); to dispose of; to pay (with -ta); to knap, flake off (flint); to tear out; to despoil (reduplication class; cf., bar, bur₁₂) (cf., bar and bàra for similar semantics).

bùr: a square surface measure = 6.48 hectares = 18 iku = 3 area éše = 1800 sar = the amount of land that supported a family (also cf., bùru) (from Akkadian buuru IV, "hunger", but cf., bii/eeru IV, "space, distance").

bùru(-d), bùr: n., opening; receptacle; hole; mine; depth (Akk. buuru 'cistern, well', cf., Orel & Stolbova #164, *ba'Vr-/*bu'Vr- "well, pit"; could also be Sumerian from, ub₄, 'cavity, hole', + úr, 'floor' - the u vowel especially correlates with round objects or openings).

v., to receive; to bore through, pierce; to break into (a house).

buru_4,5^mušen: raven ?, crow ?; sparrow ?; locust, grasshopper (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers, bir for destructive wreckers, and bur₁₂, bu_(3,6) + nominative for anything that harvests or destroys plants).

buru₇[GURUN]: fruit tree; fruit; berry [rare word].

buru₈: to vomit (Akk. arû IV, parû III, 'to vomit', cf., Orel & Stolbova #120, *'or- "vomit").

bur₁₂, bu_(3,6): to tear, cut off; to pull, draw; to be drawn; to tear out, uproot; to remove, keep away (ba, 'to divide' + úr, 'base, root') [BU archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

buru₁₄, bur₁₄: harvest; hot season, harvest time (bur₁₂, 'to tear, cut off', + either ú, 'plant' or a, nominative suffix with vowel harmony).

dar: n., francolin, pheasant [DAR archaic frequency: 36; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

v., to slice, split; to shatter (reduplication class) (da, 'sides', + ur₄, 'to shear, reap').

dára, dár: n., belt, sash (compare dur, 'bond, tie').

v., to bind, pack.

dàra, dàr: (cf., durah).

dara₄, dar₄: dark, dim; high (compare dirig, 'to be darkened; to go over') [DARA₄ archaic frequency: 81; concatenation of 9 sign variants].

diri, dir: (cf., dirig).

dur: bond; string, thread; strap, tie; amulet chain, necklace; umbilical cord (da, 'arm, side', + ur, 'to surround') [DUR archaic frequency: 58; concatenates 2 sign variants].

dúru, dúr: (cf., duruna).

^(anše)dùr^(ùr): he-ass; donkey foal (pack animal - cf., dur, 'strap').

duru₅, dur₅[A]: irrigated; moist; fresh; supple (dé, 'to water' + ru₅, 'to send forth shoots'; cf., a-dé, 'fresh').

^(anše)dur₉[ŠUL]: donkey stallion (usually written du₂₄-ùr or dur₉(ùr)) (cf., ^anšedùr^(ùr)).

dur₁₀: ax (compare dar, 'to slice, split').

gar: (cf., ar).

gàr, kàr: knob, pommel; hair lock on the back of the head (sign of a slave); cake; filled sack (of silver ?) = purse; used for round and high objects ('circular' + 'to send forth; to protect').

gar₄[GUD/GU]: early (the 'bull of the sun', Mercury, can only be seen right before sunrise; cf., gu₄-ud).

gara_2,9,10, gar_2,9,10,11,12: thick milk, cream; cheese (cf., ga-àr-ra) [GARA₂ archaic frequency: 106; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

gir, kir: cow or mare of intermediate age; a fish, possibly a carangid (ki,'place', + ir₍₂₎, 'fluid secretion') [GIR archaic frequency: 28; concatenation of 4 sign variants].

gir₄, kir₁₃: kiln (for lime or bitumen); oven (cf., udun) (ki,'place', + ara₄, 'to shine, blaze') [GIR₄ archaic frequency: 1].

gir₅: (cf., iri₅).

gir₁₀, gi₉, ge₉[NE]: anger, fury (compare bir₉).

giri₁₁, gir₁₁[KEŠDA]: to be tidy, neat (cf., hir) (gi₄,'to restore', + ri, 'to sweep away').

gir₁₅, gi₇ [KU]: noble; domestic, civilized; belonging to the native in-group (circle + city) [ŠE₃ archaic frequency: 152].

giri₁₇: (cf., kìri).

gur, kùr: n., reed basket; measure of capacity - Biblical kor (= 300 sìla in Old Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods; = 144 sìla in Old Sumerian Girsu/Lagash; in admin. texts = 2 bariga) [? GUR archaic frequency: 14] (circle + to reap; to send).

v., to make a circular motion; to come back; to return; to give back; to protest, contradict; to reject evidence (in a legal case); to turn away from (object has ablative -ta); to wipe off.

gúr: n., sphere; circle, ring; loop; hoop (circle + ur, 'to surround').

v., to bow down, submit; to curb, subdue; to die (cf., gam).

gùr, ga₆: to bear, carry; to be full, loaded, laden (Umma reading for íla sign, cf., mir) (circular container + er, 'to bring'; cf., gur, kùr, 'basket').

gur₍₄₎, kur₄, gir₈: v., to be or feel big; to be endowed with; to turn, roll over; to run; to gallop; to grind (reduplication class) (circle + flowing motion).

adj., thick, coarse; fattened, plump; bright, preeminent; very strong; great (cf., gud, gu_x, 'bull').

guru₅, gur₅, kur₁₂: n., fangs.

v., to separate, divide; to cut, pull (weeds) (gú, 'neck; nape' + ra, 'to strike'; cf., kud, kur₅; and gú-gur₅...dug₄/du₁₁/e).

guru₆: (cf., kára).

guru₇, gur₇, kara₆: grain heap; granary, silo; a capacity measure, ca. 909 liters (cf., gur, 'basket').

guru₈, gur₈ [TU]: high; deep.

^(urudu)gur_10,14; ur₄: n., copper sickle (semi-circle + flowing motion).

v., to reap, harvest; to pluck; to shear (sheep); to gather in; to catch (in a net); to gather together; to join in assent (probably reduplication class) (cf., saa₁₁[KIN]).

ar: n., storeroom; form, appearance (to be + to send) [GAR archaic frequency: 409].

v., to store, accumulate; to deliver, deposit; to put, place, set down upon; to make, establish, restore (with -ši-); to remove and set elsewhere (with -ta-); to expel (with -da-) (á-á in marû).

íri, ír: n., knife, dagger, sword; thorn; scorpion; lightning flash; road; expedition, trip (iš, 'tool', + ra, 'to strike, stab, slay' with vowel harmony) [GIR₂ archaic frequency: 114].

v., to stab; to fulgurate, lighten, flash.

ìri, ìr: n., foot, feet; step; way, path (iš, 'tool', + uru₉, 'support'; úr, 'leg(s)'; cf., idri and ušur for similar and different phonetic developments).

prep., via.

iri_2,3, ir_2,3: n., booty; captive (additional associations of 'road' and 'sword').

v., to pillage; to capture; to drive away; to take away; to be taken.

iri₅, ir₅[KAŠ₄]: n., refugee, stranger.

v., to run, trot; to seek refuge.

iri₁₆, ir₁₆ [ÌR×KÁR]: fortress, refuge.

har, àr, ur₅: n., millstone; ring; link (in a chain); coil or spiral of silver or other precious metal that can be worn as a ring or bracelet and was used as money (cf., kín, kikkin, hara, ara_3,5, ur₅) (many small explosions + sliding motion) [UR₅ archaic frequency: 34; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

v., to chew.

adj., small; young.

hara, ara_3,5: n., miller (reduplicated har/àr, 'millstone').

v., to pulverize (in a mortar); to destroy; to make groats.

adj., ground, milled, crushed, pulverized.

hara₅: spout; vessel with a large spout (ha, precative prefix, + ra, 'to branch out from the side of').

hir[KEŠDA]: n., produce, yield (abundance + to go out + to flow).

v., to squeeze, tighten (cf., giri₁₁).

hur, ur₅[HAR]: n., hole; limb, stem, handle (hù, ten, + ra, 'to impress into clay', where a round hole was the symbol for 10).

v., to scratch, draw, sketch, inscribe, outline; to grind; to dig (many small explosive sounds + ùr, 'to drag').

kar: n., embankment; quay-wall; mooring-place; harbor; marketplace; port authority (place + water + to flow, send, take, drive away; cf., kur₉, 'entrance') [KAR archaic frequency: 7].

v., to take away; to steal; to raid, capture, pillage; to escape, run away; to avoid.

kára, kár, guru₆: to encircle, besiege; to impute, accuse; to shine, illuminate; to be bright (of light, day) (reduplication class) (sometimes written for kúr) (place + ur, 'to surround' + a, nominative ending, and ara₄, 'to shine') [? KAR₂ archaic frequency: 68; concatenates 2 sign variants].

kàr: (cf., gàr).

kir: (cf., gir).

kír: a large vessel; beer keg (ki,'place', + ir₍₂₎, 'fluid secretion'; cf., gir, kir, 'cow or mare').

kìr[LAGAB]: to nip off (clay) (ki, 'earth', + ur₄, 'to shear, reap'; cf., kud, kur₅; and kid_2,7, 'to pinch off').

kiri_3,4, kir₄, giri₁₇: nose; muzzle (of an animal); hyena (cf., kir_6,4) (ki, 'place', + ir, 'smell').

kir_6,4: stream dam, weir (cf. also, kiri_3,4) (ki,'place', + ir₍₂₎, 'fluid secretion'/ra, 'to flood').

^(iš)kiri₆: orchard, garden, palm grove (ki, 'place', + ru₅, 'to send forth shoots, buds, or blossoms').

kir₁₁[MÍ.SILA₄]: female lamb [KIR₁₁ archaic frequency: 3].

kir₁₃: (cf., gir₄).

kur: n., mountain; highland; (foreign) land; the netherworld (ki,'place', + ùr, 'roof, mountain pass'/úr, 'root, base') [KUR archaic frequency: 145; concatenates 3 sign variants].

v., to reach, attain; to kindle; to rise (sun).

kúr[PAB]: n., stranger; enemy; hostility (from kur,'mountains, foreign land').

v., to be different; to change; to break a seal (often with -da-) (kúr-re in marû).

adj., strange, alien; hostile; in the future.

kùr: (cf., gur).

kur₄: (cf., gur₄).

kuru₅, kur₅: (cf., kud).

kur₆: (cf., kurum₆).

kuru₇, kur₇: (cf., kurum₇).

kur₉, ku₄: n., entrance (ki,'place', + ùr, 'entrance').

v., to enter; to bring; to deliver (-ni- specifies delivery location); to enter before someone (with dative prefix); to let enter (with -ni-); enter into the presence of (with -ši-); to turn round, turn into, transform (with -da-) (singular [?] reduplication class stem; cf., sun₅).

liru, liri: (cf., lirum).

^(iš/urudu)mar, ar₇: n., wagon; winnowing shovel; spoon (ma₍₃₎; á,'to go', + flowing motion; Akk. marru "shovel; spade"; Orel & Stolbova #1738 *mar- 'hoe') [MAR archaic frequency: 117; concatenates 2 sign variants].

v., to sow, scatter; to coat, apply; to don; to immerse; to enclose, lock up.

mar; mur: worm; earthworm.

mer₍₂₎, mir₍₂₎; gùr: n., storm wind; violent storm; north(wind); anger; belt, waistband; an encircling snake (var. of gùr) (me_3,6,7,9,'battle', + to flow / circle + ur, 'to surround') [MER archaic frequency: 48; concatenates 2 sign variants].

v., to blow fiercely; to get angry.

adj., fierce, angry, furious.

mur, ur₅ [HAR]: n., lungs; liver; fodder for fattening; lattice, grate (mu₇,'to shout'/mud₆, mú, 'to sing; to blow' + úr, 'root, base').

v., to surround; to guard; to shout; to grind, mill.

demonstrative, thus; so; in this way.

mur_7,8: (cf., murgu).

mur₁₀, mu₄: to clothe; to dress oneself (reduplication class [?]) (mu₁₀,'woman', + ur, 'to surround').

muru₅[MÍ.U₄.RU₆ = SAL.UD.EDIN]: brother-in-law (mu₁₀,'woman', + rù, 'equal in rank').

muru₉: fog, mist, haze (mi,'to be dark', + to flow).

muru_x [GI.KID.MAH]: reed mat.

nar: singer; musician (loan from Akkadian naaru II, "musician", which derives from Akk. naaru I, "river" in the same way that Sumerian nab means both "ocean" and "musician") [NAR archaic frequency: 69].

nir, ner: n., frog; omen.

adj., proper.

nir: n., prince, lord [NIR archaic frequency: 45; concatenates 2 sign variants].

v., to stretch, reach, extend; to raise high; to winnow, clean grain; to overcome, vanquish (to be high + to go out + to flow).

adj., victorious.

^na4nír[ZA.GÍN]: a precious stone with black and white flecks.

par_3/4: (cf., bàra).

sar, šar: n., vegetable(s) [SAR archaic frequency: 102; concatenates 3 sign variants].

v., to insert, enter; to begin; to write; to pay, deliver punctually; to disturb someone; to drive (with -ni-); to drive, chase away (with -ta-); to make hurry, run (to be skilled, precise + flowing motion; for 'to drive away', cf., ús, 'to follow, drive', but meaning probably derives from the act of chasing vermin from the vegetable garden, cf., kar for such a progression from the noun to the verb).

adj., driven out, pursued.

sar, šar: a surface measure, 'garden plot' = 1 square ninda = 60 surface shekels = 1/100 iku = 4 square reeds = 144 square cubits = 36 meters²; a volume measure of one square ninda times 1 kùš = 144 kùš3 = ca. 18 cubic meters = 1,0 gur [= 60 gur] of capacity = 1,0 gín in weight.

sár: (cf., šár).

sír: n., density.

adj., dense; weak, feverish (si; su; sa; sa₅,'to be full; to grow weak', + ir₍₁₀₎, 'sweat').

sir₅; sur: (cf., zara₅).

sur: n., a garden plant; rushes; chaff, chopped straw [? SUR archaic frequency: 6].

v., to delimit, bound, divide (reduplication class ?)(cf., šur) (si, 'long and narrow', + ur, 'to surround'; cf., sila, sil; síl, zil; si-il, 'to cut into, divide').

súr: (cf., sumur).

sùr: ditch; deep furrow; drain (to fill, inundate + to flow; contrast sug, 'flood basin').

suru₅, sur₅: to hang, suspend; to hover; to wear (cf., sur_6,7).

sur_6,7: height; depth; foundation pit (ús, uš, 'height; foundation; to support, lift', + uru_2,5,18, 'high, deep').

sur₈: (cf., zar).

sur₁₂: (cf., sug₈).

šar: (cf., sar, šar).

šár, sár: n., totality, all; world; horizon; ball, counter, token; the number 3600 = 60² (many, much + àr, 'ring, coil').

v., to be many; to multiply or mix (with -da-); to make abundant; to slaughter; to request, implore (reduplication class).

adj., numerous; innumerable.

^lúšár: a military officer = commander of 3600.

šar₈ [NI]: to interpret, explain.

šér, šír: to shine brightly (cf., sír) (Akkadian loan from šaraapu(m), 'to burn').

šèr, šìr: n., decision.

v., to bind; to decide (éše, 'rope', + ur, 'to surround').

šir, sir₄: testicles (many + to go out + to flow; cf., hir, nir, and iš_2,3) [ŠIR archaic frequency: 24; concatenates 2 sign variants].

šìr[EZEN]; šur: n., song; lament (Orel & Stolbova #2258 *sir-/*sur 'sing').

v., to sing.

šìr: (cf., šèr).

šur, sur: to rain; to produce a liquid; to flow, drip; to extract seed oil; to process wine and juices; to press (out); to spray out; to brew (beer); to submerge; to flash, gleam (šu, 'to pour' + to flow; cf., še_3,7).

šúr: (cf., sumur).

tar: v., to cut; to decide; to determine; to inquire; to smoke; to break, destroy (ta, 'from', + ur₄, 'to shear, reap'; cf., dar and nam...tar) [TAR archaic frequency: 56; concatenates 2 sign variants].

adj., deliberate, judicious.

tir: forest, grove, thicket (ti, 'arrows' + ùr, 'beams, rafters'; early example of asyndetic hendiadys).

tur: n., child; young (of herd animals); second in rank (tu, 'to be born', + ùru, 'to watch, guard, protect') [TUR archaic frequency: 272].

v., to be/make small; to be insufficient; to reduce.

adj., small, little, young.

tùr; tur₅: birth-hut; byre; sheepfold, pen; stable; a frequent metaphor for a temple, sanctuary (cf., tur) [TUR₃ archaic frequency: 121; concatenates 3 sign variants].

tur₅, tu: n., newborn; weakness; sickness.

v., to be or become sick.

adj., weak; sick.

zar, zur₄, sur₈: to tap, pour; to spout, flow; to exude; to spin (a cocoon) (cf. the graphically similar sign, sug₈) (repetitive motion + to flow) [? ZAR archaic frequency: 15; concatenates 4 sign variants].

^(iš)zar: wagon shaft (cf., za-ra) (Akkadian loanword from ,serru(m) II).

zàr[SUM]; zar[LAGAB×SUM]: sheaf, sheaves (rolled up and bound stalks and ears, cf., zara₅ and zar).

zara₅, zar₅; sir₅; sur: to spin, twine (yarn or thread); to roll up (repetitive motion + to flow).

zur: n., offering, sacrifice; prayer (repetitive activity + to flow/protect).

v., to furnish, provide; to rock (an infant); to arrange, tend; to offer; to pray.

dusu: transportation basket, used in working at the lower levels in excavating a canal; corvée (du, 'to walk', + si;su, 'to fill up').

dúsu [ANŠE.LIBIR]: an ass or equid used as a draft animal in front of plows and wagons (du, 'to walk', + usu, 'strength').

kas₇, ka₉: deduction; settlement of accounts; possession (back-formation from ní-kas₇/ka₉).

kisi: chamber pot (kàš, 'urine', + si₁₄, 'a small pot').

mes, mèš: young man; prince; son; hackberry tree in the elm family (me, 'endowment', + usu, 'strength'; Akkadian loanword - meesu I, 'hackberry tree'; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1766 *mi'es- 'tree') [MES archaic frequency: 32].

nisi, nissa: (cf., nisig).

sisi (ANŠE.KUR.RA): horse (reduplicated si, 'to stand upright').

šes: (cf., šeš).

diš₍₂₎, deš: one (dili, 'single', + aš, 'one'; the form resembles that of the semantically appropriate male body part, iš_2,3, eš_2,3; cf., mina, min_(5,6), 'two').

iš, eš: n., tree; wood; wooden implement; scepter; tool; organ; plow; natural phenomenon (describes a trunk that goes out into many branches and leaves) [GIŠ archaic frequency: 381].

adj., describes an animal assigned to the plow (sometimes iš-šè).

iš_2,3, eš_2,3, uš: penis; man (self + to go out + many; cf., nitah₍₂₎ and šir) [GIŠ₃ archaic frequency: 16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; UŠ archaic frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants].

eš_2,3,4, iš_2,3: (cf., ešta).

haš: (cf., haz).

háš; haš₄: lower abdomen; loins; back; thigh (numerous + foundation, base).

heš₅: (cf., šaa).

huš: v., to be angry (compare guz, huz).

adj., furious, terrible, awesome; wild (said of animals); fiery red (Akk. ruššû).

kaš, kás: beer; alcoholic beverage (ka, 'mouth', + áš, 'to desire') [KAŠ archaic frequency: 261; concatenates 4 sign variants].

kàš: urine (an etymology involving še₁₀, 'excrement', would have to be forced so much, that the homophone kaš, 'beer', with its similar appearance, probably replaced the use of a, 'water', to mean 'urine' at some point).

kaš₄, kas₄: n., speed; runner, courier, messenger; nonresident, noncitizen, tourist (place(s) + locative + many) [KAS₄ archaic frequency: 1].

v., to run fast; to gallop; to travel fast.

adj., quick; fluent.

kéš: (cf., kešda).

kiš, keš: totality, entire political world (name of the powerful city in the north of Sumer that first bound together and defended the cities of Sumer) (places + many) [? KIŠ archaic frequency: 46].

^(iš)kiša₍₂₎, kiši_16/17: (cf., kišik₍₂₎).

kiši₄: half; forelock (sign of a freeman; contrast gàr, kàr) (ki, 'place', + šè, 'portion').

kiši_7,8,9: (cf., kišib_7,8,9).

kuš, kus[SU]: skin, hide, leather (ku₅, 'to cut', + ús, 'to be joined, next to'/šè, terminative suffix/šú, 'to cover').

kúš: to be tired; to be out of breath; to worry; to calm (kúš-(ù) in marû) (aka, 'to do, act', + úš, 'dead').

kùš: ell/cubit = 1/2 meter = 30 fingers [šu-si] = distance from elbow to fingertips; forearm; channel (cf., šu-da) (ku, 'to base, found, build', + many).

kuš₆: (cf., kuruš).

kuš₇: devastation, destruction; groom, valet, esquire, body-servant, boy (ki, 'place', + úš, 'to kill').

kušu: (cf., kušum_x).

kúšu: turtle (cf., ŠIM×KÚŠU, where 'whale' must be meant) (ku₆, 'fish', + šú, 'to cover') [? UH₃ archaic frequency: 14; concatenates 2 sign variants].

liš: morsel (happiness + small + šè, 'portion') [LIŠ archaic frequency: 4].

maš: one-half; twin (ma₄, 'to leave, depart, go out', + šè, 'portion') [MAŠ archaic frequency: 133].

maš; máš: interest (of a loan); rent; profit; produce, yield (of a field) (ma₄, 'to leave, depart, go out', + šè, 'portion') [MAŠ archaic frequency: 133].

máš; maš: kid; he-goat [MAŠ₂ archaic frequency: 60].

máš: n., extispicy (divination based on the entrails of a sacrificed animal); sacrificial animal [MAŠ₂ archaic frequency: 60].

v., to scrutinize, inspect.

mèš: (cf., mes).

muš: n., snake; reptile (eme, 'tongue'/ma₄, 'to leave, depart, go out', + úš, 'to kill'/uš₁₁, 'venom, poison') [MUŠ archaic frequency: 3; BU: archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

adj., bitter.

muš_2,3: n., face, appearance, aspect; diadem; a city's irrigated, cultivated territory; surface (mu₁₀, 'female', + áš, 'to desire') [MUŠ₃ archaic frequency: 284; concatenates 2 sign variants].

v., to glisten, shine.

muš₄: a biting insect (cf., the etymology of muš, 'snake').

muš₅[ŠEŠ]: bitter (eme, 'tongue', + ú, 'plant', + eš, 'to anoint'; cf., šeš).

niš, neš: twenty (ní, 'self, body', + aš, 'one [finger, toe]').

peš: n., womb; palm frond; three [GIR archaic frequency: 28; concatenation of 4 sign variants] (moist container + ùš, 'placental membrane'; pa, 'leaf, branch', + eš, 'many, much'; eš_5,6,16,21, 'three').

v., to expand; to be thick, wide.

adj., precious, valuable.

peš₍₇₎: child; son.

péš, píš: a type of edible mouse (probably derives from pèš, 'fig').

^(iš)pèš: fig; fig tree (moist container + šè, 'portion').

peš_4,13: n., river pebble.

v., to be pregnant; to conceive.

peš_5,6: n., deep breathing; scent; spider; combed wool, fluff (cf., aš₍₅₎, 'spider').

v., to breathe deeply; to make an incision; to pluck apart; to comb and clean wool.

piš₁₀, peš₁₀; peš_x(KI.A): shore, river bank.

púš: pain; tightness; difficult circumstances (derives from peš₄, 'to be pregnant').

suš: to sit down; to reside (su, 'body, relatives', + uš₈, 'foundation place, base'; cf., tuš).

suš_2,3: to rub, anoint (with oil) (su, 'body', + eš, 'to anoint').

šeš, šes: brother; brethren; colleague [URI₃=ZATU-595 archaic frequency: 77; concatenates 2 sign variants].

šeš, ses: n., myrrh (reduplicated eš, 'to anoint').

v., to taste bitter.

adj., bitter, brackish.

šeš_(2,4): to anoint; to rub; to erase; to be dense (reduplication class) (reduplicated eš, 'to anoint') [ERIN=ŠEŠ₄ archaic frequency: 105].

šeš_2,3,4: to weep, cry; to mourn; to wail (reduplication class) (to become moist ?).

šuš₍₂₎, šu_2,4: to overthrow; to throw down; to go down; to set, become dark, be overcast (said of the sun); to cover (with -da-) (reduplication class) (reduplicated šu, 'hand'; cf., šub) [ŠUŠ₂ archaic frequency: 243].

šuš₄: to fell trees; to chop away (reduplicated šu, 'hand').

šuš_5,6, šu_5,6: bedding, litter, feed, fodder (scattered for animals) (reduplicated uš, 'to stand upon').

téš[UR]: n., sexuality, sex; shame, modesty; all kinds, all sorts; each of them (te, 'to approach', + áš, 'to desire'; cf., ašte).

v., to feel ashamed.

adv., together (often with suffix -bi, -ba or -e).

tuš: n., home (te, 'to approach', + uš₈, 'foundation place, base').

v. sing., to (cause to) dwell, reside; to be at home; to settle; to set up, establish; to sit; to lie down (singular; cf. plural, duruna).

nita: (cf., nitah).

šita, èšda: clean; bathed; a priest (eš, 'to anoint', + ta, dá, 'by means of'/dé, 'to pour, water') [ŠITA archaic frequency: 373; concatenates 7 sign variants].

^(iš)šíta, ešda: mace (úš, 'to kill', + ta, dá, 'by means of') [EŠDA archaic frequency: 26].

šìta: channel, small canal (šè, 'portion' + ída, íd, i₇, 'main canal') [ŠITA₃ archaic frequency: 139; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

šita₍₄₎, èšda; šid_3,4,5: n., band; bond, tie (šè, 'portion', + te, 'to approach'; cf., ašte, téš).

v., to bind; to be together; to join, link with; to couple.

adj., bound, intact.

šita₅, šit, šid, šed: n., measure; number (šè, 'portion', + ta, dá, 'nature, character').

v., to count; to consider; to calculate, figure out; to memorize; to recite; to read aloud.

šita₆: a type of vessel.

biz; bi(z): n., tears (Akk. loanword from bi,s,su, 'flow of tears' and ba,saa,su, 'to (let) drip', cf., Orel & Stolbova #256 *baz- 'flow, be wet').

v., to drip, trickle; to cry; to ooze; to pour; to rinse off; to impute, accuse; to push someone away; to dry (cf., bi-bi-zé).

gaz₍₂₎: n., powder; break, fracture; war (chamber + repetitive motion; cf., ^(iš)naa_3,4, na_X[GAZ, KUM]).

v., to crush; to kill, slaughter (with -da-); to vanquish, defeat.

gazi: a spice - cassia, used on meat ('let it breathe'; Akk. kasû II) [GAZI archaic frequency: 14].

guz, huz[LUM] v., to gnash the teeth; to bare the teeth; to rage at; to cut, trim, clip; to castrate (reduplication class: hu-hu-uz) (gù, 'noise', + zú, 'teeth').

adj., long, shaggy (hair).

haz, haš: to break or cut off (twigs, branches); to thresh grain (há, 'numerous', + zé, 'to cut, pluck').

nuz, nus: egg (na₄,'pebble', + uz/us,'goose', cf. also, nunuz).

meze: a type of drum (function + repetitive noise).

ziz: moth (Akk. loanword from saasu, 'moth' and ašaašu, 'moth', cf., Orel & Stolbova #1034 *'açuç- 'insect').

zíz[ÁŠ]: emmer (wheat) (reduplicated zé or zi).

zìz: a crop-devouring insect (see etymology for ziz).

Copyright © 1996-1999 John Alan Halloran, Los Angeles, California. All Rights Reserved.
Last modified on August 9, 1999.
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