ab: window; opening; niche, nook (cf., aba) [AB archaic frequency: 384; concatenates 2 sign variants (sign also used for è and aba - for this reading and meaning in Fara period, see Krebernik, Beschwörungen].
áb: domestic cow (a,'water, liquid', + íb,'middle') [AB2 archaic frequency: 288].
ib: corner, angle, nook [IB archaic frequency: 252; concatenates 2 sign variants].
íb, éb: n., middle; waist; loins; thighs.
v., to be angry; to flare up in anger; to curse, insult.
ub: corner, angle, nook; a small room [UB archaic frequency: 124].
(ku)ub3,5: a drum.
ub4: cavity, hole; pitfall.
ad: (cf., ada).
ád: (cf., adda4).
ad3,6: (cf., adda).
ad4: lame, cripple.
éd, è; i: to go out, emerge; to send forth; to lead or bring out; to rise; to sprout; to be or become visible; to appear as a witness (the final d appears in marû conjugation) [ED2 archaic frequency: 12; concatenates 2 sign variants].
èd, e11: to exit; to rise; to descend, set; to bring down (or up); to import; to fetch; to remove; to drain (è-dè(-d) in marû).
íd: (cf., ída).
id4,8, it4: (cf., itud).
ud, u4: n., sun; light; day; time; weather; storm (demon) [UD archaic frequency: 419].
prep., when; since.
úd[Á]: emmer (wheat).
ud5: (cf., ùz).
ag: (cf., ak).
ég, ék, íg, e: n., levee, embankment, dike, bund (a, e4, 'water', + ig, 'door') [EG2 archaic frequency: 12; concatenates 5 sign variants].
v., to water; to speak, say (e = sing. marû, plural hamtu, and plural marû; cf., dug4, also di); to do (as auxiliary verb preceded by a noun).
demonstrative pron., this one; in the immediate vicinity; suffixed to ergative agent.
prep., locative/terminative suffix - in; toward.
ig: door, entrance [IG archaic frequency: 43; concatenates 2 sign variants].
ug(2): lion; anger, fury; storm.
ug4,5,7,8: n., death; dead person.
v., to kill; to die (singular and plural marû stem; plural hamtu, which is sometimes reduplicated; cf., ú).
ug6, u6[IGI.É]: n., amazement; gaze, glance (['EYE' + 'HOUSE']).
v., to look at; to stare at, gaze; to be impressed.
adj., astonishing.
á: (cf., áa).
ù: (cf., ùa).
àh; uh: (cf., lah).
uh(3): lice, louse; nit; flea; moth; insect, parasite, vermin [Uh3 archaic frequency: 14; concatenates 2 sign variants].
úh; uh, ah: phlegm; spittle; slaver, froth; paste; venom; malice.
ak, ag: genitival suffix: 'of' (cf. also, aka).
(i)al: digging stick; wooden mattock, pickax; forked hoe with from 2 to 4 teeth; spade [AL archaic frequency: 95].
al: verbal prefix: used immediately before stative verbs; indicates: 1) distance; 2) the speaker is not involved; or 3) the lack of a transitive relationship.
íl: (cf., íla).
il5: (cf., ili5).
ul: n., joy, pleasure, satisfaction; star; flower; bud; ornament; a capacity measure of 36 liters in Presargonic Girsu.
v., to glitter, shine.
adj., remote, distant (in time); ancient, enduring.
ùl: (cf., úllu).
ul4: to be quick; to hurry, hasten, harass [? KIIK archaic frequency: 21; concatenates 3 sign variants].
am: (cf., àm and áma).
ám: (cf., áa).
àm[A.AN]: the Sumerian enclitic copula - 'to be', occurs after a noun [e.g., William king-is]; who, which, what; (same) as, like (in scholarly lists).
im, em: (cf., imi).
ím: (cf., gim4).
(gi)um: a rope made of reeds (cf., umu).
an: n., sky, heaven; the god An; grain ear/date cluster ('water' + 'high') [AN archaic frequency: 806].
v., to be high.
adj., high.
prep., in front.
en: n., dignitary; lord; high priest; ancestor (statue); diviner [EN archaic frequency: 1232; concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to rule.
adj., noble.
en(2,3): n., time; enigmatic background [EN2 archaic frequency: 17].
prep., until.
in: he, she; straw; insult, offense, invective [IN archaic frequency: 21].
un: (cf., ùa).
ar: (cf., ara4).
ár: (cf., ára).
àr: (cf., har).
ér, ír: n., tears; lamentation; prayer; complaint.
v., to weep.
ir(10): n., sweat; smell, odor, scent; perfume, fragrance [IR archaic frequency: 53; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
adj., scented, perfumed, fragrant.
ir(10), er: v., to bring; to lead away (Emesal dialect for túm, cf., re7).
ir3,11: (cf., arad(2)).
ur: n., dog; carnivorous beast; servant; young man, warrior; enemy (cf., té) [UR archaic frequency: 114; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
v., to tremble.
adj., humble.
ur(2,3,4): to surround; to flood; to throw overboard; to drag (over the ground) (often with -ni-); to erase, wipe out; to shear, reap, mow (reduplication class) (cf., gur10).
úr: floor; base; lap, loins; thighs, leg(s); root; trunk of a tree [UR2 archaic frequency: 78].
ùr: roof; entrance; mountain pass; beam, rafter (cf., ur(2,3,4)) [UR3 archaic frequency: 27; concatenation of 5 sign variants].
ur4: (cf., gur10,14) [? UR4 archaic frequency: 41; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
ur5[HAR]: n., liver; spleen; heart, soul; bulk, main body; foundation; loan; obligation; interest; surplus, profit; interest-bearing debt; repayment; slave-woman (cf., har, mur) [UR5 archaic frequency: 34; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
inanimate pron., it; these, the referenced; his, hers, theirs.
v., to chew; to smell; to belch, burp; to roar; to clog, block; to imprison; to be bowed with grief; to rub something in; to rent.
demonstrative, thus; so; in this way; in the same way; followed by a negation: not at all.
ur11: (cf., uru4).
as: (cf., asa).
us, uzmuen: domestic goose or duck (cf., bibad) (loanword into Akkadian) [US archaic frequency: 18; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
ús, úz [U]: n., side, edge; distance; in geometry: length; height; vertical; perpendicular.
v., to follow; to drive; to come near to, reach; to let reach; to transport, bring; to join; to be next to, border; to moor, dock; to lean against (cf., í).
us5, u8: mother ewe, adult female sheep [US5 archaic frequency: 86].
a: one; unique; alone.
a(5): spider.
á: n., wish; curse (abbreviated tà ?, ate ?) [A2 archaic frequency: 5].
v., to desire; to curse.
a3,4,8: six (ía, 'five', + a, 'one').
e: n., many, much.
v., to anoint.
adv., adverbial force suffix (sometimes followed by -è).
é: (cf., ée).
è: shrine [AB archaic frequency: 384; concatenates 2 sign variants].
e5,6,16,21: three.
i: (cf., ii).
u, ús: n., foundation (cf., í) [GI3 archaic frequency: 16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; U archaic frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to support, lift; to stand upon.
U: a length measure, reading unknown, = 6 ropes = 60 nindan rods. [U archaic frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants].
ú: n., blood; blood vessel; death [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency: 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to die; to kill; to block (singular hamtu stem).
adj., dead.
ù: placental membrane, afterbirth.
u7: spittle.
u8: foundation place, base.
u11: venom, poison; spittle, slaver; moistening; spell, charm.
az: (cf., asa).
uz: (cf., us).
úz: (cf., ús).
ùz, ud5, ut5: she-goat [UD5 archaic frequency: 109; concatenates 3 signs].
Copyright © 1996-1999 John Alan Halloran, Los Angeles, California. All Rights Reserved.
Last modified on August 9, 1999.
https://www.sumerian.org/sumvc.htm